Marketing Analysis Business Products Essay - 2107 Words

Question no 1 a) Business products:- 2$ stores regularly have product offerings including sustenance and beverage, individual cleanliness items, little home and garden devices, office supplies, enhancements, gadgets, garden plants, toys, pet merchandise, remaindered books, recorded media and so forth . Bigger stores might offer solidified nourishments and crisp produce. 2$ stores emerged in the mid twentieth century, with Woolworth s model to diminish store overheads by improving the obligations of offers agents. They might now be found everywhere throughout the New Zealand. b) Business size:- The perfect unit ought to have around 180m ² for retail utilize and 50m ² for capacity, office and civilities. Littler stores will run from 90 - 125m ² for retail.2$ shop can select representatives agreeing of their shop pursuing and that 4-5 workers can work in store . c) Business customers:- 2 $ shop pulls in an excess of clients in a day since its name tells everything nothing more than 2$. All groups individuals come in and understudies likewise willing to come in this retail shop regardless of costly retail shops d) Location:- 178 Great South Rd., Papakura, Auckland 2110. Contact no:- 092985868 Question no 2 Ethics :- To improves the personal satisfaction in our group by empowering music interest. To display our product offerings in a positive, legit and practical way that shows appreciation to our clients, our store and ourShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan827 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Marketing Business Environment Marketing Planning: An Overview of Marketing 6 main questions to ask in order to create your marketing plan: 1. Where are we now? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 2. How did we get here? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 3. Where are we heading? (Marketing audit, SWOT Analysis) 4. Where would we like to be? (Marketing objectives) 5. How do we get there? 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An Analysis Of An Arctic Idol - 1436 Words

An Arctic Idol From mutants to aliens, superhumans and demigods, the idea of a hero has been an immense subject throughout our culture. Still, the superficial idea that heroes have some other quality that ranks them beyond human is reflected the most in movies and comics. What is the first thing that popped into your head when you heard the word hero—Superman? Ironman? Batman? The term shouldn’t be restricted to Marvel’s DC Universe characters. How we use the word hero should extend to everyday people like ourselves. Whilst you may describe a hero by doing something heroic, that doesn’t limit its use to godlike entities with superpowers. Although, people shouldn’t go branding everyone with a smiling face a hero. Portraying someone doing†¦show more content†¦Even though the definition of hero has changed drastically over the years, characters in The Odyssey, an epic that describes the journey of Odysseus trying to return to his home, Troy, exhibit traits that can apply to both the ancient and modern definition of a hero. The main character, Odysseus, isn’t the only one. For example, after being stuck on an island due to a storm, Odysseus and his crew are faced with a decision to either starve, or kill the sun god’s (Helios) cattle. One of Odysseus’ first mates, Eurylochus, was thinking about how that would affect the entire crew. After weighing the pros and cons, he stated: â€Å"Comrades,’ he said, ‘All deaths are hateful to us, mortal wretches, but famine is the most pitiful, the worst end that a man can come to. Will you fight it?† (879-83). Contemplating consequences, Eurylochus then decided that they would eat the cattle and suffer the wrath. The quote shows that Eurylochus was thinking about his crew, and was deciding on the best possible course of action for him and his men. He stated that he and his comrades would rather die from the gods than to suffer through famine. Consequently, his actions proved heroic—the first thing he thought of was how it would affect him and his crew. Then he put into action what he thoughtShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of An Arctic Idol 1378 Words   |  6 PagesAn Arctic Idol From mutants to aliens, superhumans and demigods, the idea of a hero has been an immense subject throughout our culture. The superficial idea that heroes have some other quality that ranks them beyond human is reflected the most in movies and comics. What is the first thing that popped into your head when you heard the word hero—Superman? Ironman? Batman? The term shouldn’t be restricted to Marvel’s DC Universe characters. How we use the word hero should extend to everyday peopleRead MoreRacism in Hockey3229 Words   |  13 Pages 2015). Despite the NHL’s commitment to diversity, racism continues to haunt the league with respect to external stakeholders such as broadcasters and fan engagement. To appreciate the context and scope of the issue, I will provide a detailed analysis of both media figures and fan discrimination from recent years. Media figures, including the iconic Don Cherry for years have been exceptionally critical of black players. In particular, P.K Subban has received excessive criticism for his on andRead MoreAnalysis of the Music Industry30024 Words   |  121 PagesAlthough radio is now peripheral to television in terms of media consumption, the fact remains that music dominates radio output, and the two are self-reliant. 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Obligations of a Licensee for Business Law- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theRights and Obligations of a Licenseefor Business Law. Answer: As a licensee one has legal obligations towards persons that visit his premises as patrons, on top of that he has legal obligations towards his staff and the surrounding environment. Some of those obligations include; Under theWork Health and Safety Act 2011, he is obligated to ensure a safe environment for patrons, staff and the areas surrounding the licensed premises. Secondly, every licensee has a responsibility to provide drinking water for patrons within his premises. This is made mandatory by the Liquor Regulation 2002, where cold drinking water should be made available at a reasonable cost to patrons (Brenda and Peter, 2015). Another obligation for the licensee will be to ensure that tables and surroundings within the premises are cleared of empty glasses and bottles. The staff should clean up what is not in use. This helps prevent situations where the lens could be utilized as a weapon in case a brawl arose. The licensee has a duty to ensure the safety and enjoyment of the patrons present in his premises; he then has a responsibility to disallow persons who are drunk or quarrelsome from entering or remaining on his licensed premises (Atherton, 2011). The licensee also has rights exercisable to him as the license holder, they include; Refusing entry into the premises by any person as long as that refusal is not discriminatory based on gender, race or other unlawful biases Licensee has the right to ask any patron within his licensed premises to leave or vacate the premises The licensee has a right to refuse to serve or sell to a patron if the said patron is already intoxicated The licensee has the power to issue a barring order to a patron that is enforceable by the police. As the licensee, I have a duty to ensure that the patrons who visit my premises are safe and able to enjoy without interference. I also have a duty to my staff to make sure they are working in a conducive environment free from harassment. If Larry has become a constant nuisance at the restaurant, then I reserve the right to disallow him from entering the restaurant. I also bear a duty towards Larry; Neither my staff nor I should serve him any more liquor after he exhibits signs of intoxication. This is illegal under section 105 of the Liquor Act 2010. Liability on the part of the licensee will arise only if certain aspects of law can be proved by Larry. The claims emanating from the circumstances given will be under tort law, specifically the tort of negligence. Negligence arises when one party is injured or suffers loss due to the acts or omission of another. If the act or omission is proved, then the aggrieved party becomes compensated by the defendant. To prove negligence one has to establish the following; That a duty of care was owed to him by the defendant. A duty of care is owed to anyone who can be foreseeably injured by your actions or omissions. This element is usually not difficult to prove, and in our case particularly the licensee owed Larry a duty of care since by not taking care of the premises facilities he put him in danger of getting hurt. That the defendant was in breach of that duty; this element is the one used to ascertain fault and is the one that becomes the main area of contention with the plaintiff claiming if the defendant been more cautious then the accident would not have occurred. Larry was owed a duty of care by the licensee; the licensee did not take appropriate measure to ensure that the toilet was properly locked with a functional lock to keep unsuspecting users out of it. That the plaintiffs injury or loss was as a result of the defendant not carrying out that duty of care; from our case, the injuries sustained by Larry were as a direct consequence of the toilet wall collapsing on him. Other than negligence, the issue of occupiers liability will arise. Occupiers liability is the duty of care owed by the occupier of premises towards visitors who visit the premises and who suffer injury or loss during their stay at the premises. Section 14A of the Wrongs Act 1958 defines occupiers liability and gives the scope in which it will apply. The act further states that an occupier of any premise owes a duty to any person on his premise and in our case it becomes evident that the licensee owed Larry that duty of care. However, common law in Australia has recently taken an approach where they dispense a limited duty of care when it comes to bars and pubs. Patrons have been given greater responsibility when it comes to their safety especially if they were drinking voluntarily (Curtwoods, 2016). In Cole v South Tweed Heads Rugby Club Pty Ltd [2004] HCA 29 (Cole) the court looked at common law position relating to the liability placed on pubs and clubs for injuries to patrons which take place courtesy of their intoxication. The High Court considered an extension of occupiers' liability to include a broader duty to patrons when serving alcohol. In this case, the court held that the licensee had taken all necessary steps within its power to ensure that the plaintiff had left the premises safely. Section 50(2) of the civil liability act prevents a court of law from awarding damages to a plaintiff who was intoxicated at the time of the incident. The exception is that the court gets convinced that the injury or loss would have still occurred even if the plaintiff had not been intoxicated. In such a case then the courts presume contributory negligence where both the plaintiff and defendant were partly liable for the injury or loss (Hely, 2008). In this case, the licensee had a lock on the old toilet, but the lock was rusty and unusable meaning patrons might have been able to access it. This shows that the licensee failed in taking due care especially in an environment where people were likely to be intoxicated. He and his staff noticed that Larry was highly intoxicated but neglected the fact that the toilet at the back might have posed a danger to him. This, therefore, makes him liable and not just that, he also becomes vicariously liable for his employees. On the other hand, Larry has a responsibility towards him and cannot wholly blame his misfortune on the licensee. Therefore he will also be partly liable for the injuries he suffered. References Brenda, M., and Peter, H., (2015) "Two Problems Of Occupiers Liability." Melbourne University Law Review, 508-538. Atherton, C., and Atherton, A., (2011) Tourism, Travel and Hospitality Law, 2ndedn, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Ltd Ch 14 pp 448- 469. Curwoods Lawyers. (2016) "Pubs, Clubs and Patrons- Overview." November 2016: 2-7. Hely, Brook. (2008) "Open all hours: The reach of Vicarious Liability in 'Off-Duty' Sexual Harassment Complaints." Federal Law Review, 174-206. The Law Reform Commission. (1987). Occupiers Liability. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 31 Novemebr. Parliament of Victoria, Research Brief No 6, September 2009, Liquor Control Reform Amendment (Licensing) Bill. Liquor Act, 2010. Wrongs Act, 1958.

Women in Things Fall Apart an Example by

Women in Things Fall Apart Women in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe are mostly the women belonging to the Ibo society, nurtured by the ideals and values of Ibo culture. Chinua Achebe in his novel has portrayed the women as a class inferior than the men in some aspects if not all. Actually, in pre-colonial Ibo society the women were an oppressed lot. It is of course a conventional belief. Even we surprisingly find that Okonkwo hardly hesitates to beat his wife when she comes a little late in cooking his meal. It automatically supports the view that wife-beating was in vogue in the Ibo society in those times. Thus, the tribal norms stand questioned when the Ibo culture and the role of women are put side by side for scrutiny. Need essay sample on "Women in Things Fall Apart" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The women are allowed to paint the house of the egwugwu only. They are also entitled to play the chief role in the wedding-ceremony in a house. It is a joyful occasion to them to bring all the neighbors together to share the joy of the memorable moments. During the wedding ceremony of Obierikas daughter, the women of the village mustered strong in their house to observe it for days together. Achebe elaborately portrays the occasion where the women bring Kola nuts and other gifts to make it more meaningful and successful. It is generally seen in Ibo society that the first wives are respected more than the latter ones. It is a notion embedded in the society that the first wife is the purest and the luckiest one. University Students Usually Tell Us: Who wants to write paper for me? Essay writers recommend: Rely On Our Help In Essay Writing Buy An Essay For College Buy Essay Online Cheap Best Essay Writing Service Reviews Cheap Essay Writing When Okonkwos dearest son Nwowye comes under the direct influence of the Christian Missionaries, Okonkwo feels utterly helpless. He cannot brook that the personal gods or Chi of his own culture will be defied by the people of his society, let alone his own son. He out of a feeling of sheer discomfiture cries within, How could I father such a son as Nwowye? He even wished that Nwowye could easily have been a daughter instead. In lieu of that he would love to have Ezinma, his daughter , as a son. What a wishful thinking?! Yet, the underlying idea is quite interesting. Courage, norms, valor all are deliberately or unknowingly being associated with the men not WOMEN!! But the women are no less important in the Ibo society so far as their contribution in raising the children is concerned. It is their duty to rejuvenate the hidden talents in them by spinning yarns, by telling interesting tales. The personality of the children grows strong along with the lessons imparted by the elders especially ones mother. Thus, shaping the future generation and readying them to face the world in a wise manner is the responsibility of the women. It goes without saying that women know their duties and responsibilities like the palm of their hands. The High Priestess is a woman. Why? If women are considered to play second fiddle to men always then how can a woman be taken to be the High Priestess? As far as the capability of that particular woman is taken into consideration, she surely proves her worth and enjoys the title. Thus, woman can even prove their mettle, be it occult or whatever, and earns the respect of all and sundry. At one point of his life, Okonkwo has to leave his own place and seek refuge in his motherland. At that time, Uchendu opined that Nneka is a significant word. It is generally referred to a female. It is only because, a man seeks refuge in his motherland in times of distress. In rosy times, all places are worth living in. But , a man is taken affectionately on the lap of his motherland when he falls on evil days. Okonkwo is made to understand that mother is supreme. For seven long years he stays in his motherland with his family. He feels safe and secure there. The women in Ibo society are gregarious by nature. They are never alienated and they are very protective to their children. We are impressed to see how Ezinma is protected by her mother when the priestess makes her run in the jungle. Though it is the instinct of all mothers of all sects and societies to protect their children, the women of Ibo society are extra-caring and protective. They even put their own lives at stake to save their children. Okonkwo is ever-grateful to his motherland, not for the shelter only he got from Uchendu but also for the peaceful times he enjoyed there. He came back to his native place only to se to his utter dismay that all things had fallen apart. The Christian Missionaries had catapulted to the helm of all affairs and their personal gods were being cornered with their lives thrown into utter jeopardy. Okonkwo had seen with heartfelt gratitude that women of his society never hummed or hawed to come straight to stand beside their men in the hours of need . The men did not allow them to come to the front always, that was a different matter. The British Commissioner called only the men for the meetingthat too was a different matter . But, women of Ibo society are strong and courageous, no doubt. WORK CITED Achebe, Chinua: Things Fall Apart, Heinemann, London, 1978.

Gps gsm based Tracking free essay sample

ABSTRACT In this Project it is proposed to design an embedded system which is used for tracking and positioning of any vehicle by using Global Positioning Syste (GPS) and Global system for mobile communication (GSM). In this project P89V51RD2 microcontroller is used for interfacing to various hardware peripherals. The current design is an embedded application, which will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and report the status of the Vehicle on demand. For doing so an P89V51RD2 microcontroller is interfaced serially to a GSM Modem and GPS Receiver. A GSM modem is used to send the position (Latitude and Longitude) of the vehicle from a remote place. The GPS modem will continuously give the data i. e. the latitude and longitude indicating the position of the vehicle. The GPS modem gives many parameters as the output, but only the NMEA data coming out is read and displayed on to the LCD. We will write a custom essay sample on Gps gsm based Tracking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The same data is sent to the mobile at the other end from where the position of the vehicle is demanded. An EEPROM is used to store the mobile number. The hardware interfaces to microcontroller are LCD display, GSM modem and GPS Receiver. The design uses RS-232 protocol for serial communication between the modems and the microcontroller. A serial driver IC is used for converting TTL voltage levels to RS-232 voltage levels. When the request by user is sent to the number at the modem, the system automatically sends a return reply to that mobile indicating the position of the vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude. SOFTWARE: Embedded ‘C’ TOOLS: Keil uvision, uC flash programmer. TARGET DEVICE: P89V51RD2(8051 Microcontroller) APPLICATIONS: Vehicle tracking. ADVANTAGES: Low cost, automated operation, Low Power consumption. REFERENCE: The 8051 micro controller and embedded systems by Mazidi Index 1. Introduction to Embedded Systems 2. 8051 , Block diagram , Pin description 3. P89V51RD2 Microcontrollers 4. GPS, 5. GSM 6. LCD 7. Working flow of the project Block diagram and Schematic diagram 8. Source code 9. Keil software 10. Conclusion 11. Bibliography Chapter 1 Introduction to Embedded Systems EMBEDDED SYSTEM An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, sometimes with real-time computing constraints. It is usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems have become very important today as they control many of the common devices we use. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure. In general, embedded system is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have some element of programmability. For example, Handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems — such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them — but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected. An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular kind of application device. Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household appliances, airplanes, vending machines, and toys (as well as the more obvious cellular phone and PDA) are among the myriad possible hosts of an embedded system. Embedded systems that are programmable are provided with a programming interface, and embedded systems programming is a specialized occupation. Certain operating systems or language platforms are tailored for the embedded market, such as Embedded Java and Windows XP Embedded. However, some low-end consumer products use very inexpensive microprocessors and limited storage, with the application and operating system both part of a single program. The program is written permanently into the systems memory in this case, rather than being loaded into RAM (random access memory), as programs on a personal computer are. APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM We are living in the Embedded World. You are surrounded with many embedded products and your daily life largely depends on the proper functioning of these gadgets. Television, Radio, CD player of your living room, Washing Machine or Microwave Oven in your kitchen, Card readers, Access Controllers, Palm devices of your work space enable you to do many of your tasks very effectively. Apart from all these, many controllers embedded in your car take care of car operations between the bumpers and most of the times you tend to ignore all these controllers. In recent days, you are showered with variety of information about these embedded controllers in many places. All kinds of magazines and journals regularly dish out details about latest technologies, new devices; fast applications which make you believe that your basic survival is controlled by these embedded products. Now you can agree to the fact that these embedded products have successfully invaded into our world. You must be wondering about these embedded controllers or systems. What is this Embedded System? The computer you use to compose your mails, or create a document or analyze the database is known as the standard desktop computer. These desktop computers are manufactured to serve many purposes and applications. You need to install the relevant software to get the required processing facility. So, these desktop computers can do many things. In contrast, embedded controllers carryout a specific work for which they are designed. Most of the time, engineers design these embedded controllers with a specific goal in mind. So these controllers cannot be used in any other place. Theoretically, an embedded controller is a combination of a piece of microprocessor based hardware and the suitable software to undertake a specific task. These days designers have many choices in microprocessors/microcontrollers. Especially, in 8 bit and 32 bit, the available variety really may overwhelm even an experienced designer. Selecting a right microprocessor may turn out as a most difficult first step and it is getting complicated as new devices continue to pop-up very often. In the 8 bit segment, the most popular and used architecture is Intels 8031. Market acceptance of this particular family has driven many semiconductor manufacturers to develop something new based on this particular architecture. Even after 25 years of existence, semiconductor manufacturers still come out with some kind of device using this 8031 core. MICROCONTROLLER VERSUS MICROPROCESSOR What is the difference between a Microprocessor and Microcontroller? By microprocessor is meant the general purpose Microprocessors such as Intels X86 family (8086, 80286, 80386, 80486, and the Pentium) or Motorolas 680X0 family (68000, 68010, 68020, 68030, 68040, etc). These microprocessors contain no RAM, no ROM, and no I/O ports on the chip itself. For this reason, they are commonly referred to as general-purpose Microprocessors. A system designer using a general-purpose microprocessor such as the Pentium or the 68040 must add RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers externally to make them functional. Although the addition of external RAM, ROM, and I/O ports makes these systems bulkier and much more expensive, they have the advantage of versatility such that the designer can decide on the amount of RAM, ROM and I/O ports needed to fit the task at hand. This is not the case with Microcontrollers. A Microcontroller has a CPU (a microprocessor) in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and a timer all on a single chip. In other words, the processor, the RAM, ROM, I/O ports and the timer are all embedded together on one chip; therefore, the designer cannot add any external memory, I/O ports, or timer to it. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, and number of I/O ports in Microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are critical. In many applications, for example a TV remote control, there is no need for the computing power of a 486 or even an 8086 microprocessor. These applications most often require some I/O operations to read signals and turn on and off certain bits. MICROCONTROLLERS FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS In the Literature discussing microprocessors, we often see the term Embedded System. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded system products. An embedded system product uses a microprocessor (or Microcontroller) to do one task only. A printer is an example of embedded system since the processor inside it performs one task only; namely getting the data and printing it. Contrast this with a Pentium based PC. A PC can be used for any number of applications such as word processor, print-server, bank teller terminal, Video game, network server, or Internet terminal. Software for a variety of applications can be loaded and run. Of course the reason a pc can perform myriad tasks is that it has RAM memory and an operating system that loads the application software into RAM memory and lets the CPU run it. In an Embedded system, there is only one application software that is typically burned into ROM. An x86 PC contains or is connected to various embedded products such as keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller, sound card, CD-ROM drives, mouse, and so on. Each one of these peripherals has a Microcontroller inside it that performs only one task. For example, inside every mouse there is a Microcontroller to perform the task of finding the mouse position and sending it to the PC. Table 1-1 lists some embedded products. Chapter. 2 8051,Block diagram, Pin description 8051 ARCHITECTURE The generic 8051 architecture supports a Harvard architecture, which contains two separate buses for both program and data. So, it has two distinctive memory spaces of 64K X 8 size for both programmed and data. It is based on an 8 bit central processing unit with an 8 bit Accumulator and another 8 bit B register as main processing blocks. Other portions of the architecture include few 8 bit and 16 bit registers and 8 bit memory locations. Each 8051 device has some amount of data RAM built in the device for internal processing. This area is used for stack operations and temporary storage of data. This bus architecture is supported with on-chip peripheral functions like I/O ports, timers/counters, versatile serial communication port. So it is clear that this 8051 architecture was designed to cater many real time embedded needs. FEATURES OF 8051 ARCHITECTURE Optimized 8 bit CPU for control applications and extensive Boolean processing capabilities. 64K Program Memory address space. 64K Data Memory address space. 128 bytes of on chip Data Memory. 32 Bi-directional and individually addressable I/O lines. Two 16 bit timer/counters. Full Duplex UART. 6-source / 5-vector interrupt structure with priority levels. On chip clock oscillator. Now we may be wondering about the non-mentioning of memory space meant for the program storage, the most important part of any embedded controller. Originally this 8051 architecture was introduced with on-chip, ‘one time programmable’ version of Program Memory of size 4K X 8. Intel delivered all these microcontrollers (8051) with user’s program fused inside the device. The memory portion was mapped at the lower end of the Program Memory area. But, after getting devices, customers couldn’t change any thing in their program code, which was already made available inside during device fabrication. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051 Figure 4. 1 Block Diagram of the 8051 Core So, very soon Intel introduced the 8051 devices with re-programmable type of Program Memory using built-in EPROM of size 4K X 8. Like a regular EPROM, this memory can be re-programmed many times. Later on Intel started manufacturing these 8031 devices without any on chip Program Memory. MICROCONTROLLER LOGIC SYMBOL ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 of the oscillator frequency, for external timing or clocking purposes, even when there are no accesses to external memory. (However, one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. ) This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during EPROM programming. PSEN : Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external Program Memory. When the device is executing out of external Program Memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle (except that two PSEN activations are skipped during accesses to external Data Memory). PSEN is not activated when the device is executing out of internal Program Memory. EA/VPP: When EA is held high the CPU executes out of internal Program Memory (unless the Program Counter exceeds 0FFFH in the 80C51). Holding EA low forces the CPU to execute out of external memory regardless of the Program Counter value. In the 80C31, EA must be externally wired low. In the EPROM devices, this pin also receives the programming supply voltage (VPP) during EPROM programming. XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier. XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. The 8051’s I/O port structure is extremely versatile and flexible. The device has 32 I/O pins configured as four eight bit parallel ports (P0, P1, P2 and P3). Each pin can be used as an input or as an output under the software control. These I/O pins can be accessed directly by memory instructions during program execution to get required flexibility. These port lines can be operated in different modes and all the pins can be made to do many different tasks apart from their regular I/O function executions. Instructions, which access external memory, use port P0 as a multiplexed address/data bus. At the beginning of an external memory cycle, low order 8 bits of the address bus are output on P0. The same pins transfer data byte at the later stage of the instruction execution. Also, any instruction that accesses external Program Memory will output the higher order byte on P2 during read cycle. Remaining ports, P1 and P3 are available for standard I/O functions. But all the 8 lines of P3 support special functions: Two external interrupt lines, two counter inputs, serial port’s two data lines and two timing control strobe lines are designed to use P3 port lines. When you don’t use these special functions, you can use corresponding port lines as a standard I/O. Even within a single port, I/O operations may be combined in many ways. Different pins can be configured as input or outputs independent of each other or the same pin can be used as an input or as output at different times. You can comfortably combine I/O operations and special operations for Port 3 lines. All the Port 3 pins are multifunctional. They are not only port pins, but also serve the functions of various special features as listed below: Port Pin Alternate Function P3. 0 RxD (serial input port) P3. 1 TxD (serial output port) as a term has come to be known is a general-purpose digital computer central processing unit. Although popularly known as a computer on a chip. The microprocessor contains arithmetic and logic unit, program counter, Stack pointer, some working registers, clock TIMERS/COUNTERS 8051 has two 16 bit Timers/Counters capable of working in different modes. Each consists of a ‘High’ byte and a ‘Low’ byte which can be accessed under software. There is a mode control register and a control register to configure these timers/counters in number of ways. These timers can be used to measure time intervals, determine pulse widths or initiate events with one microsecond resolution up to a maximum of 65 millisecond (corresponding to 65, 536 counts). Use software to get longer delays. Working as counter, they can accumulate occurrences of external events (from DC to 500 KHz) with 16 bit precision. SERIAL PORTS Each 8051 microcomputer contains a high speed full duplex (means you can simultaneously use the same port for both transmitting and receiving purposes) serial port which is software configurable in 4 basic modes: 8 bit UART; 9 bit UART; inter processor Communications link or as shift register I/O expander. For the standard serial communication facility, 8051 can be programmed for UART operations and can be connected with regular personal computers, teletype writers, modem at data rates between 122 bauds and 31 kilo bauds. Getting this facility is made very simple using simple routines with option to elect even or odd parity. You can also establish a kind of Inter processor communication facility among many microcomputers in a distributed environment with automatic recognition of address/data. Apart from all above, you can also get super fast I/O lines using low cost simple TTL or CMOS shift registers. MICROPROCESSOR A microprocessor timing circuit and interrupt circuits. To make a complete computer one must add memory usually RAM ROM, memory decoders, an oscillator and number of I/O devices such as parallel and serial data ports in addition special purpose devices such as interrupt handlers and counters. The key term in describing the design of the microprocessor is â€Å"general purpose†. The hardware design of a microprocessor CPU is arranged so that a small or very large system can be configured around the CPU as the application demands. The prime use of microprocessor is to read data, perform extensive calculations on that data and store those calculations in a mass storage device. The programs used by the microprocessor are stored in the mass storage device and loaded in the RAM as the user directs. A few microprocessor programs are stored in the ROM. The ROM based programs are primarily are small fixed programs that operate on peripherals and other fixed device that are connected to the system BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER Micro controller is a true computer on a chip the design incorporates all of the features found in a microprocessor CPU: arithmetic and logic unit, stack pointer, program counter and registers. It has also had added additional features like RAM, ROM, serial I/O, counters and clock circuit. Like the microprocessor, a microcontroller is a general purpose device, but one that is meant to read data, perform limited calculations on that data and control it’s environment based on those calculations. The prime use of a microcontroller is to control the operation of a machine using a fixed program that is stored in ROM and that does not change over the lifetime of the system. The design approach of a microcontroller uses a more limited set of single byte and double byte instructions that are used to move code and data from internal memory to ALU. Many instructions are coupled with pins on the IC package; the pins are capable of having several different functions depending on the wishes of the programmer. The microcontroller is concerned with getting the data from and on to its own pins; the architecture and instruction set are optimized to handle data in bit and byte size. FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS OF A MICROCONTROLLER CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING A MICROCONTROLLER 1. The first and foremost criterion for choosing a microcontroller is that it must meet task at hands efficiently and cost effectively. In analyzing the needs of a microcontroller based project we must first see whether it is an 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit microcontroller and how best it can handle the computing needs of the task most effectively. The other considerations in this category are: (a) Speed: The highest speed that the microcontroller supports (b) Packaging: Is it 40-pin DIP or QPF or some other packaging format? This is important in terms of space, assembling and prototyping the End product. (c) Power Consumption: This is especially critical for battery-powered Products. (d) The amount of RAM and ROM on chip (e) The number of I/O pins and timers on the chip. (f) Cost per unit: This is important in terms of final product in which a microcontroller is used. 2. The second criteria in choosing a microcontroller are how easy it is to develop products around it. Key considerations include the availability of an assembler, debugger, a code efficient ‘C’ language compiler, emulator, technical support and both in house and outside expertise. In many cases third party vendor support for chip is required. 3. The third criteria in choosing a microcontroller is it readily available in needed quantities both now and in future. For some designers this is even more important than first two criteria’s. Currently, of leading 8–bit microcontrollers, the 89C51 family has the largest number of diversified (multiple source) suppliers. By suppliers meant a producer besides the originator of microcontroller in the case of the 89C51, which was originated by Intel, several companies are also currently producing the 89C51. Viz: INTEL, PHILIPS, These companies include PHILIPS, SIEMENS, and DALLAS-SEMICONDUCTOR. It should be noted that Motorola, Zilog and Microchip Technologies have all dedicated massive resource as to ensure wide and timely availability of their product since their product is stable, mature and single sourced. In recent years they also have begun to sell the ASIC library cell of the microcontroller. Chapter. 3 P89V51RD2 Microcontrollers P89V51RD2 Features †¢ Compatible with MCS ®-51 Products †¢ 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory – Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles †¢ 4. 0V to 5. 5V Operating Range †¢ Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz †¢ Three-level Program Memory Lock †¢ 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM †¢ 32 Programmable I/O Lines †¢ Three 16-bit Timer/Counters †¢ Eight Interrupt Sources †¢ Full Duplex UART Serial Channel †¢ Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes †¢ Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode †¢ Watchdog Timer †¢ Dual Data Pointer †¢ Power-off Flag †¢ Fast Programming Time †¢ Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode) †¢ Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option Description The P89V51RD2 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel P89V51RD2 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The P89V51RD2 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the P89V51RD2 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. Block Diagram Pin Configurations Pin Description VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes dur-ing program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1. 0 and P1. 1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1. 0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1. 1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the follow-ing table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and dur-ing accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash program-ming and verification. Port Pin Alternate Functions P1. 0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2), clock-out P1. 1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction control) P1. 5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming) P1. 6 MISO (used for In-System Programming) P1. 7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)5 1919D–MICRO–6/ Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the P89V51RD2, as shown in the fol-lowing table. RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped dur-ing each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the P89V51RD2 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to exter-nal data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Special Function Registers A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space is shown in Table 5-1. Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be imple-mented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0. Timer 2 Registers: Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON (shown in Table 5- 2) and T2MOD (shown in Table 10-2) for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode. Interrupt Registers: The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register. Memory Organization MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed. Program Memory If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the P89V51RD2, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory. Data Memory The P89V51RD2 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H). MOV @R0, #data Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space. Watchdog Timer (One-time Enabled with Reset-out) The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU may be subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 14-bit counter and the Watchdog Timer Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable from exiting reset. To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external clock frequency. There is no way to disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware reset or WDT overflow reset). When WDT over-flows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin. Using the WDT To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, the user needs to service it by writing 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST to avoid a WDT overflow. The 14-bit counter ove

The Old Age Concept in OConnors A good man is hard to find

The Old Age Concept in OConnors A good man is hard to find In the article, â€Å"A good man is hard to find†, the concept of old age is pictured form its negative side. The loneliness that a grandmother experiences on growing old can be observed from the old woman. She wishes that her grandchildren stayed. She also tries to convince her son to stay.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Old Age Concept in O’Connor’s â€Å"A good man is hard to find† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The old woman has a different perspective to life. She relishes the practices of the past. This is evident from her utterances about the respect they had for their native lands. The old woman is not pleased that the children are dismissing her homeland as boring. While the children consider material wealth to be an important aspect of life, the grandmother dismisses this. She admires the scene that a Negro boy creates against the countryside landscape. In addition, she wi shes that the scene could be preserved through a painting. The children have interests that are contrary to those of the old woman. This shows the change that takes place in a person’s mental status when one grows old. The children are uncompromising towards the Negro child they come across in their journey. On the other hand, the old woman understands the predicament of the child who does not have much wealth. In addition, the old woman shows a sense of mental maturity in her reasoning. When the family passes by a farmhouse, the grandmother notices that there are graves on the farmyard. The number of graves on the farm, and the desolate look of the whole plantation surprise her. She understands the grim situation that the family that owned the farmland must have faced. In contrast, the children are not concerned with the graves. Death and burial is not in their focus. The first thing the children are interested in is the plantation, while the old woman is interested in the b urial ground. Apart from her attitude, the old woman exhibits physical aspects of growing old. She is described as having thin hips. This shows that she is withering due to old age. Furthermore, the face of the woman is compared to that of the baby she is curdling. The article says that the grandmother’s skin is leathery while that of the child is bland.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The grandmother has a sense of responsibility that comes with age. When the children finish eating their lunch, they want to throw the napkins out of the car window. They have a carefree attitude towards any decision. Their grandmother is more responsible and does not allow them to do this. This shows the changes that old age has brought to the grandmother. It also gives an accurate picture of what happens when a person grows old. When the grandmother tells a story of her ma iden times, she reminisces of her affair with a man who brought her a melon every day. She values love in her old age. On the contrary, a child says that she is not interested in actions that express love, but she is more interested in wealth. The story shows the diminishing regard for wealth with old age. The old woman is sympathetic with the poor people, she quarrels her granddaughter when she utters mean words to Red Sam’s wife. June, the granddaughter, has contempt for those with little wealth, and says that she could not live in Red Sam’s house for any gift. The old woman is as talkative as the children are. Her argument with the children makes her son, Bailey, lose control of the vehicle. The grandmother’s talkative nature makes the family car crash. Her combativeness with the children distracts the driver of their vehicle. When Misfit captures them, the grandmother does not seem to reason. She tells Misfit that she knows him. Misfit has no option but to k ill them for his own safety. When misfit has killed all her family, she still tries to please him with her talking. At old age, the woman wishes she could live more. She begs for her life more than for any of her relative’s life. Throughout the story, it is evident that the grandmother wished she could live more. This shows how reasoning is affected by old age.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Old Age Concept in O’Connor’s â€Å"A good man is hard to find† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Design and critically evaluate an appropriate dissemination strategy Essay

Design and critically evaluate an appropriate dissemination strategy for the research project discussed in Archambault (2012) - Essay Example In order for research to be carried out under this area effectively, the emotions of the children have to be heard from the children themselves. It is by finding out this information from the children that accurate and precise solutions to their problems can be found. Most children of refugees hope that whenever they move to a new place, they will be moving to a better place where they can have their own rooms and the facilities that the Norwegian children enjoy (Archambault, 2012). They keep hoping that they would be moving to a better neighborhood where their friends from school will not be afraid of visiting them. Children are a special category of refugees and they have been ignored or not considered when carrying out research among refugees. They consist of more than a third of all the refugees’ population yet they have never really been studied. Some of the changes that children are required to make are moving to new houses, making new friends, changing schools and changing houses (Archambault, 2012). The parents of the Norwegian refugees have to learn the language first so that they can get jobs and move to where the rest of the citizens live. The frequent moving keeps the hope alive that they will at some point move to the permanent residence. Some of the items they hope to own to consider themselves well off include a washing machine and a decent bathing area. Children in migration are more vulnerable than the rest of the children who do not have to move from one area to another all the time. They are at a risk of getting abused both emotionally and physically. Living in congested areas may make them vulnerable to diseases such as cholera and dysentery. Congestion in the refugee camps makes transmission and outbreaks of diseases very easy. Children are more likely to die from such diseases and therefore they have to be treated with more care. It is necessary that children are taken care of

Maitaining versus withdrawing life support (Florida General rules) Assignment

Maitaining versus withdrawing life support (Florida General rules) - Assignment Example Since, termination of an individual’s life via withdrawing life support adversely affects even the close relatives despite the law advocating acting in the interests of the patient. Additionally, an individual experiencing persistent vegetative state does not imply one cannot regain full consciousness with the administration of the necessary treatments. This is regardless of the anticipated complications that might arise, which in reality may be contrary (Elliott, 2005). However, these cases may be minimal but I tend to belief that not all surrogates act in the interests of the patient despite prove presented to execute their consent in the withdrawing of life support. Since, investigation may not be adequate to reveal deep hidden malicious intentions of the surrogates where some benefit indirectly. Hence, cause long-term trauma to the loved ones especially the young children or beneficiaries after knowing what happened to their loved ones regardless of whether there was a leg al or authorized substituted judgment (Elliott, 2005). I deem, maintaining life support is a depiction of respect for human life where in withdrawing it, may deny an individual a chance to life who was to regain consciousness and recuperate thus it should be maintained. The decision regarding end of life is the mandate of a sane individual prior the appointed time who in accordance to the law will act in the interests of the ailing (Turan, Goldstein, Garber & Carstensen, 2011). Therefore, I strongly deem and advocate that the right person to act in these cases ought to be a parent or close a relative after meticulous investigation to establish their relations. This shuns any deeds guided by malicious gains where the partakers may benefit either direct or obliquely after execution of the intended end of life procedure (McGowan, 2011). However, in some cases, the parents may not be present or close reliable relatives especially to the married people where their

Food chemistry lab report about Philadelphia cheese

Food chemistry about Philadelphia cheese - Lab Report Example All the results given below were found experimentally and then compared with those given by McCance and Widdowson. Methodology The experiments were carried out by reference to a given set of methods (see Appendix 1), although some changes had to be made, and some sections had to be omitted. For example, Philadelphia cheese does not contain any vitamin C or sugar, and as such those experiments were not undertaken. Between experiments, the cheese was kept refrigerated as instructed by the packaging. To prepare the Philadelphia for use, all that was required was to remove an appropriate sample of cheese and place this in the appropriate receptacle ready for use. Results Moisture Content of Food Mass of tin (g) Mass of tin + sample (before) (g) Mass of tin + sample (after) (g) Sample mass (g) % Moisture 24.56 27.29 25.37 2.74 29.70 24.20 27.61 25.33 3.42 33.20 25.10 27.46 25.87 2.36 67.10 Mean 24.62 27.45 25.53 2.84 43.33 Standard Deviation 0.45 0.16 0.30 0.53 20.66 Calculations used: (t in+sample)initial sample – (tin+sample)final mass x 100 = % Moisture mass of sample Ash Content of Food Mass of cruicable (g) Mass of cruicable + sample (before) (g) Mass of tin + sample (after) (g) Sample mass (g) % Ash 11.50 14.45 11.54 2.95 1.44 10.59 13.42 10.63 2.82 1.42 9.96 12.82 9.97 2.86 0.36 Mean 10.69 13.56 10.72 2.88 1.08 Standard Deviation 0.77 0.82 0.79 0.06 0.62 Calculations used: final mass-crucible mass x 100 = % ash mass of sample Determination of the protein content of food Mass of sample (g) Titre /ml Factor (from ‘Pearson’) %N % Protein in 0.32 1.96 6.38 0.86 5.47 0.34 0.99 6.38 0.41 2.60 0.33 2.11 6.38 0.90 5.71 Mean 0.33 1.69 6.38 0.72 4.59 Standard Deviation 0.01 0.61 0.00 0.27 1.73 Calculations used: Titre x 0.0014 x 100 = N% mass of sample Titre x 0.0014 x 100 x Factor = Protein % mass of sample Fat analysis by Buchi method    Sample weight (g) Empty cup weight Cup weight with fat Grams of fat per 100g sample    7.61 29.60 32.47 37.7 1    7.34 29.22 32.83 39.18 Mean 7.48 29.41 32.65 38.45 Standard Deviation 0.19 0.27 0.25 1.04 Calculations used: cup weight with fat – empty cup weight x 100 original sample weight Final results table: Experimental Values % McCance & Widdowson Values % Moisture Content 0.43 0.58 Ash Content 1.08 2.40 Protein 4.59 8.60 Fat 38.45 31.00 Carbohydrate 12.55 Trace Discussion The results gained experimentally were calculated in a similar way to those found in Atwater and Bryant’s tables that were published in 1904, all obtained by difference. The water, fat and protein content were all calculated and then subtracted from 100 to give a carbohydrate value. This is different to the McCance and Widdowson values, and this shows in some of the results. The experimental value for the ash content was 1.08%, which is only very slightly different from the given value of 2.40%. This suggests that the ash content measurement used (see Appendix 1) was fairly accurate. The standard devi ation for this value was only 0.62, which is very small, again suggesting that this measurement is accurate and very consistent. The moisture content found, 0.43%, was also very similar to the given value of 0.58%. However, the standard deviat

Family Healthcare Assessment

Family Healthcare Assessment Courtney Poole   Identifying Data The family consists of four members, the mother, TM, who is a thirty six years old Caucasian female and was born August of 1980 in the state of Nebraska and is employed as an engineer with her masters degree. TM is married to the father, JM who is a fifty two years old Caucasian male and was born in June of 1964 in the state of Delaware and is currently employed as a technician lead and attended technical school. TM and JM have two twin foster children who are two years old and both of which are Caucasian males. KL and IL were born in October of 2014 in the state of Georgia. The family of four attends Evangelical Christian attending a Pentecostal Church where the Bible is recognized as the inspired word of God and provides the rule for faith and practice. The family is a member of the middle class social. The family spends their recreational and leisure time playing outside while doing things like hiking, swimming, and riding bikes. During the weekends they enjoy watching family movies and spending time with their family dog and cat. They also spend quality time with their extended family and supporting one another in attending sporting or school events. Developmental and Environmental Data The familys current development stage according to, Marcia Stanhope and Jeanette Lancaster is, Family with Preschool Children. The three main developmental tasks that the family is currently presuming are, Understanding growth and development, this includes discipline, coping with energy depletion, and arranging for individual time, family time, and couple time (Stanhope Lancaster, 2014, p. 313). The familys nuclear history consists of TM and JM who have been married for ten years since April 29th of 2006. JM the male spouse has had one previous marriage. During this time he had two children, JM who is a thirty two years old Caucasian male and was born in 1985, and AM who is a twenty eight year old Caucasian female born in 1989. TM and JM the married couple, currently have no biological children together, but are fostering to adopt two year old twin boys. The father, JM came from a very large family where he is the youngest of eight children, consisting of four males and four females. Both of his parents are deceased. His family valued hard work and respect for one another. The mother, TM also comes from a large family and is the third out of four children, consisting of three females and one male. Her father was in the Air Force and her mother primarily stayed at home as a homemaker when TM was little, but later she went back to work as the children become older. The family moved around several times as the Air Force relocated them, which in return taught them to depend on one another and seek support and friendship from their siblings. TM and JM home is a place where they want to nurture love and respect. They like to enjoy the outdoors on their twelve acre farm and also kick their feet up and watch movies and play games. Today all of TM family of origin lives nearby and they see them several times a week between attending church, getting together for family celebrations, such as, birthdays and holidays, and just everyday play dates. JM oldest brother serves as the head of the family and JM talks with him on a regular basis. For their family that is not local they will typically see them for graduations and weddings. The social media network, Facebook, has allowed them to stay in touch with all family members even those that live far away, and although Facebook is often seen as a source of entertainment, a vast majority of individuals use media devices as a means of communicating or connecting with others (Villegas, 2013). Social medic is a popular and affective form of communication today because it is a lightweight and informal form of communication. TM and JM see social media as an , important resource for upholding family relationships and a platform for socialization with physically distant family members (Villegas, 2013). Family Structure and Family Functions The family talks several times throughout the day to discuss simple things like, who will picking up the kids and what will we fix for dinner, to more serious issues like buying cars and applying for jobs. The family uses several forms of communication such as, face to face, phone, text messages, and facetime. If time is permits, for big decisions they like to talk about it, and give each other time to think on the subject, pray about it and research it if needed, and then come back to one another to discuss matters again and then decide what needs to be done. JM likes conversations to be more short and to the point. Where on the other hand TM will give as much detail as possible and if you interrupt, in return TM will then have to start all over again from the very beginning. Extended family, friends, and church also influence how family decisions are made and how both TM and JM view different situations. With JM being sixteen years older than TM and having more life experience JM t ypically stays calm and doesnt get concerned over things that TM might at times. TM and JM generally take on traditional roles in the family and around the home. Where JM takes care of most outside chores and TM takes care of indoor chores. However, some things the couple share responsibility for such as cooking. Then based on their strengths the couple may decide which one is more suited to deal with certain tasks. For example, TM tend to the bank account and take responsibility to pay for the bills, however, JM deals with getting the taxes done. They both discuss major purchases or if they need to move large amounts of money around and how that might affect other things they want to do later on. Together their most important family values are showing love, respect others, work hard, and taking care of your things. Showing love and respect are the most important values within their family because they believe if you love and respect people, animals and things in your life you will work hard to take care of them properly. These values have been passed down to TM and JM from their families of origin, religious beliefs, and learned throughout life experience. Both TM and JM come from fairly traditional families and entered their marriage with the same value set. By keeping their values and living by them they are able to address problems and conflict with less stress. Their communication style has allowed them to deal with very stressful situations as they have come up and ultimately the love and respect they share for each other allows them to consider things they may not have thought about once before. Keeping the stress in their life low allows them to sleep well at night. To the family children are seen as a blessing and they look to raise KL and IL to be independent and productive as adults. TM and JM strive to help them identify their talents, gifts, and abilities; helping them to grow in areas they are good in and helping to direct them to careers that fall in line with their personal strengths. They like to provide the opportunity for their children to participate in sports and extracurricular activities as their budgets and time will allow them to. In addition they do a lot of activities at church to help them grow spiritually and emotionally. As parents they provide and teach their children how to take care of themselves through healthy eating habits and hygiene practices, to how to interact and treat other people. Teaching their children how to be responsible and to respect one another and being consistent with boundaries and discipline are keys to raising their children. As a family, which includes their extended family, support one another in celebrations like birthdays and holidays and sporting/school events. Also they talk via phone or social media several times a day. TM and JM talk over their personal schedules to make sure they both know who can cook dinner that night and who might have errands to run. They both feel like they have a happy, healthy, and functional family that is willing to pitch in to help when the need arises. TM and JM talk daily and discuss even the smallest of decisions. When choosing to adopt the boys their extended family has been nothing but supportive throughout the entire process. As a family TM and JM have had their fair share of stress dealing with different agencies trying to adopt and also the loss of loved ones over the years. The couple has found that they can rely on each others strength. JM has a steady and logical view of things and is able to remain calm and collected. TMs strength comes in by being able to organize and complete a plan to help get through a stressful situations. As things have changed very quickly for them over the last few months they have had to adapt to being a family of four with two toddlers. They have quickly figured out that there is no need to worry about the small stuff anymore. Their concerns now are to, take care of the two boys, and help them feel like they are a part of the family and the other things will fall into place and be completed whe n necessary. From time to time they deal with stress by getting away for a little while by themselves, to read, pray, or think. Other times they might talk through things right then. A good nights sleep and physical activity always help relieve stress for both of them. Prayer is a common way for Christians to deal with stress throughout their life, and those employing prayer for health concerns are also more likely to take steps to ensure their health by engaging in health protective behaviors (Wachholtz Sambamthoori, 2012). There for it is important for nurses to know the importance prayer can have on a patients physical and mental health. Respecting this religious and spiritual behavior has a huge impact on the quality of care moving forward. Health Care Function In regards to their family healthcare beliefs, values, and behaviors the family believes it is important to stay healthy and fit. Their Christian beliefs teach them to take care of their bodies. They know that by eating right and being active they can prevent some sickness throughout their life. Their house is a caffeine free zone. TM noticed how days where she had several caffeinated drinks that she would be very restless at night, so it has been roughly three years now that they have not had any caffeine. This allows them to get better rest throughout the night. They also reduce the amount of sugar that is within their diet as well. Overall they feel that they are pretty healthy. The only family member who takes medicating on a daily basis is the father to treat his diabetes and thyroid disorder. Within the familys health history, JM had thyroid cancer over fifteen years ago and is currently managing his diabetes mellitus, and the mother has no major health history to report. They generally do not like going to a doctor, but they do know there is a time and place to use health services. They do not want to be the kind of people that run to the doctor for every little thing that comes up. They trust the advice, guidance and diagnosis provided by the physicians, but they prefer to use more natural relief verses pharmacological medication if they have the choice of doing so. Family Stress and coping and Summary Short term family stressors include legal hurtles that come along with adopting their foster kids and dealing with questions that come up from the kids and other people as well. Long term stressors are like career and job planning and advancement, raising the kids to have faith in God and to be independent as they grow up, and retirement planning. These things include trying to be healthy now to avoid illnesses that can affect you has you get older. Their family strength is that they support each other and that they have lots of support for extended family, friends, and church. Some of the coping strategies the family has used are praying, walking, and completing other tasks to get their mind off of the bringing about a new perspective, talking through the issues and worries with each other or family members and close friends. Sometimes they choose to seek council from someone who has gone through a similar situation before. They have found that most of the things they tend to worry about are worse in their mind then the reality of when the event takes place. TM tries to keep her mind from jumping to the very worst case scenario before knowing all the information. Then they are able to keep things from becoming bigger then they need to be. Sometimes it is just taking one day at a time and praying through a tough situation. In the couples earlier years in marriage if was easy to use dysfunctional techniques and means of coping with stress as they adapted to their new life with one another. At times TM and JM experienced denial of their existing problems and would use displacement to cope with the issue, but as their relationship continued to grow and they continued to actively seek God in times of need these negative and dysfunctional techniques because an issue of the past. The family has successful coping strategies that they know works well for them, and have learned to solve problems to the best of their abilities. The family provided a lot of information to where the nurse would be able to create an affective plan of action for the family. By using all the assessment tools available a detailed image of the family was able to be illustrated, and although some of the information may have overlapped at times, it was all taken into consideration to created an appropriate plan of care for the entire family. According to the objective data gathered the family demonstrates excellent means of coping with stress in their life, and equally balancing and taking responsibility between the two spouses to create a less stressful and chaotic environment for the new parents. It is important that TM and JM take time needed out of their busy schedule to also focus on themselves to prevent unnecessary stressors that could occur in the future. It would be important to form an intervention and accurately assess and discourse with the parents their current stress level and how they are currently coping and dealing with that stressor to create a positive outcome and prevent negative coping mechanism hobbits from the past occurring again. Seeing as TM and JM are new parents to two preschool aged children it is important to discuss with them who they see as their main supporter throughout this process and if they feel like they can affective depend on them in times of need. It is vital to take the time to assess the familys structure of life and in order to formulate an effective nursing plan of care. Getting to know your patients family is an essential role in caring for each of your patients regardless of what area of nursing in health care you reside in. A family assessment can help you learn about different strengths and barriers the family presents. By taking the time to listen to your patient you are completing one of the most important tasks as a nurse, forming a trusting relationship between your patient and the family. References: Stanhope, M., Lancaster, J. (2014). Foundations of Nursing in the Community: Community- Oriented Practice (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. Wachholtz, A. B., Sambamthoori, U. (2012). National Trends in Prayer Use as a Coping Mechanism for Depression: Changes from 2002 to 2007. Journal of Religion and Health, 1356-1368. doi:10.1007/s10943-012-9649-y Villegas, A. (2013, October 17). The Influence of Technology on Family Dynamics [Electronic version]. Proceedings of the New York State Communication Association, Vol. 2012. Retrieved from http://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062context=nyscaproceedings

Essay --

Within the body of this paper, readers will find an analysis of the motor development, visual-perceptual, fine motor development, communication, social behavior and play, attention, emotions and self- regulations, attachment and development of the self, and hearing and vision of children aging between 0 and 6 months. The continuation of this essay will include identified values and/or belief systems of the 0-6 month culture that could possibly present changes in social worker’s abilities to develop culturally responsive therapeutic relationships. There will also be a distinguishing of recommended tools for identifying problems within this developmental stage including a visual reference for the identified tools. Resources regarding the tools will include what the tool assesses, the age it is designed for, who is to use the assessment tool, how long the assessment typically takes, and the scoring of the results. Motor development In these early stages of life, there is little motor development in comparison to older children, however many of the developments of their later years begin in these tender times ("Occupational therapy," 2002) Between the ages of 0-2 months, some of the motor developments that are present at this time include sparing kicks and what seems like stretching of the arms ("Occupational therapy," 2002). When lying on their backs, the infants head is usually laid to one side or the other based on how they were laid, as they are not yet able to hold the weight of their own head yet ("Occupational therapy," 2002). These activities later on grown into more frequent arm stretches and kicks between the ages of 3 and 6 months. By this time, the baby will have a much greater ability to hold the weight of their o... ...erience is more so focused on the parent(s) of that child in hopes to best serve the child in their home context ("Touch therapy with," 2014). This is a very important consideration in regards to the therapeutic experience of the infant because without parent involvement there is an almost guaranteed failure rate of change or development for that child. Because the infant is not able to fend or express for themselves at this age, it is a necessity for the parent(s) of an infant in therapy to be invested in therapeutic process and dedicated to the implementation of what was discussed in therapy outside of the therapy sessions. With lacking parental involvement, it would make it almost impossible for a clinician to be able to develop a therapeutic relationship with a child reaping positive change of any kind ("Touch therapy with," 2014). Instruments See Attachment

How does the director create a sense of chaos and frenzy in the scene leading up to Simon’s death? – The Lord of the Flies film

The â€Å"Lord of the Flies† film, which I am studying, was made in the 1960s. The director of this film made it in black and white for effect. In my essay I will be focusing on how the director's use of pictures and sounds help to recreate the sense of chaos that can be found in the book. In conclusion to my essay I will write about my personal opinion on whether the director has succeeded or failed in creating the same sense of frenzy and chaos, which is created in the book. The director uses images and camera techniques in Simon's death sequence to help the film relate to Simon's death in the book. He manages to do this in many ways, such as making it seem as if you are in between the boys, and that you are actually there witnessing what is about to happen. He also uses shots that look up and down to great effect which exaggerate Jack's authority and leadership of the boys, and make Simon seem insignificant to the boys. I will now give you a detailed analysis of how the director uses images and camera techniques in Simon's death sequence. Firstly, there is a close up of a boy's head, which cuts to a fire sending sparks flying off into the night. There is then a long shot of the fire with the boys dancing around it. The director has made it so that the audience do not know who each of the boys are. The camera then zooms into a medium shot of the boys, still dancing around the fire, as if they are celebrating. The camera then cuts to a boy, who runs to the edge of the shoreline carrying a flaming branch. The boy then swings this ‘torch' around and flings it into the ocean. The camera sweeps along the shoreline following the ‘torch' as it flies through the air. The director uses this image to indicate to the audience that the boys are becoming more dangerous. Just before the ‘torch' hits the ocean, a wave rushes upwards and engulfs it. The camera then cuts to a boy who kicks the fire. Again, the director uses this to make the scene more violent and dangerous. The audience still can't see the boy's face. The camera then cuts to a close up of the fire sending sparks flying up into the night. There is then a shot of the full moon, which immediately makes the audience think that something horrific is going to happen. The moon is also slightly out of focus. The camera then cuts to a series of close up shots of the boys screaming and shouting. The boys' faces are in shadow so that the audience cannot see them. There is then a medium shot of the boys, still unrecognisable, silhouetted against the fire. The camera then cuts to a medium shot of the boys chanting and banging their spears on the ground. The audience recognize Ralph within their ranks symbolising mankind's ultimate decent into savagery, a theme that Golding uses many a time in the novel. The camera remains still as the boys march past it, as though they are soldiers on parade. The boys then become frantic and there are continuous extreme close ups of arms, legs, cheeks but never a full face or body. These shots are generally out of focus and give the effect that you are actually there with the boys banging into you and running about. There is a medium shot of the boys becoming more and more frantic because the darkness is becoming unbearable and the boys are being overcome with a faint madness. There is then a close up of a boy's face, which is unrecognisable. The camera then cuts to a medium shot of Simon, making his way through the jungle. He is pushing leaves away so that he can make it to the beach as soon as possible. The camera then cuts to another medium shot of another boy, which it appears could be Jack, but he is still partly in shadow. When we see ‘Jack' the camera is looking upwards to exaggerate his authority and his power over the boys. ‘Jack' points to Simon and the boys suddenly charge towards the camera. This gives the audience the impression that they are Simon, and that they can see the boys charging towards them, a technique which further emphasizes the terror that Simon is about to face. The camera then cuts to a close up of Simon screaming. His body is partly in shadow. As the boys stab Simon the camera withdraws giving the effect that the audience are so horrified and shocked by what the boys are doing, they have to back off for air. There is then a medium shot of the boys' backs whilst they are still stabbing downwards with their spears. There is a close up shot of Simon holding his arms up in terror This gives the audience the impression that they have rejoined the circle and are stabbing downwards at the ‘beast' (Simon) along with the other boys. The camera then sweeps slowly along the beach, as the boys force Simon into the sea. We then see a shot of the tide coming into the shore; the sea water is mingled with Simon's blood. The camera then pans to Simon's body, floating in the ocean. His body starts off facing upwards and slowly revolves round to hide his face. The director uses this as a sign of respect for Simon that the audience can relate to. Meanwhile, the gentle tranquillity of the ocean helps to calm the audience after the chaos and frenzy of what has just happened. The screen slowly fades to total darkness with only a faint outline of Simon's body in sight. Finally the screen begins to get lighter as flickers of phosphorescent light can be seen here and there. This gradually overwhelms the screen and adds to the audience's sense of peace and tranquillity. I will now give a detailed analysis of the sounds used in the scene depicting Simon's death. The scene starts off with a high pitched scream and then, gradually, screaming from different people can be heard. This reflects the terror that the darkness brings in the novel. The crackling of the fire can be heard now, along with the continuous screaming of he boys. The crackling of the fire intensifies to coincide with the, gradually increasing, screaming of the boys. The director uses these noises to remind the audience that these boys are ‘playing with fire' and that their activities are becoming increasingly more dangerous. The audience then hear a torch swing through the air and a storm beginning as it sends the waves of the ocean, whooshing up into the night. The audience then hear the torch sizzling as it hits the water. The director uses the boy, swinging the flaming branch about, to emphasise the idea that the boys are becoming more and more frantic and dangerous. The original screaming of the boys has now turned to cheering and the audience hear more branches being swung around. This gives the audience the impression that, although the boys were originally scared, they have now started to celebrate and to forget their original fears. The audience then hear the boys dancing and issuing tribal ululations between each other. The director has used this to coincide with the scene, in the novel, which represents the boys' downfall into savagery. The sounds in the scene once again shift to being more deadly and the audience hear the boys stamping their feet and banging their spears on the ground. The director does this so that the audience think of tribal drums and tribal celebrations. One of the boys shouts out ‘kill' and the mood of the scene becomes even more dangerous. The boys begin to chant the words; â€Å"Kill the pig! Slit her throat! Bash her in!† This chant starts off quietly and slowly and, gradually, with every repetition, getts faster and louder. This leads the audience to believe that something is going to happen. The beating of the ‘drums' starts to become hypnotic. The director does this to further indicate to the audience that something horrific is going to happen. The continuous cheering, chanting, beating and stamping interweave and become even more intense, giving the audience the impression of chaos and frenzy within the boys. Screaming is heard again which implies that the boys are becoming scared again. The, still ongoing, chant changes from â€Å"kill the pig† to â€Å"kill the beast†, and the boys begin to bang their spears together which once again adds to the tribal feel of the scene. The sounds become mingled now, and increase in tempo, which adds to the audience's sense of chaos. Then, as the camera first cuts to Simon, the tribal noises fade and become background noises; the predominant sound at this time, in the scene, is leaves being trodden on and being pushed out of the way. One of the boys shouts out â€Å"look† and all the other noises stop which gives the audience a sense of awareness. The same boy shouts out â€Å"the beast†, and there is once again complete silence. In this scene, this is a source of dramatic irony, because the audience know that it is Simon who the boys are referring to as ‘the beast'. This relates to the novel because the same dramatic irony is present when the boys first see Simon. The boys begin to scream as they charge Simon. These screams range from high pitched to low shouting. As the boys get closer to Simon, their screams get louder and more constant. There is one high pitched scream that stands out from the rest because it is almost girl-like. This scream belongs to Simon who realises what the boys are planning to do. The audience then hear short thuds and tearing. This leads them to the knowledge that the boys are brutally murdering Simon in a tide of chaos and frenzy. The high pitched screaming finally stops and the noise of the sea is heard in the background. Thunder can also be heard and there is a bloodthirsty repetition of â€Å"kill† by the boys. The noise of the boys slowly fades away which informs the audience that they are walking away from what they have just done. When the noise of the boys completely stops, the thunder and the sea can really be heard. There is then silence in the scene with faint and distant sounding choir music gradually getting louder. The choir music is harmonic and represents Simon's purity and innocence for the audience. Simon's death sequence ends with one clear, harmonic note from the choir that fades out slowly. In my opinion, the director of this film does create the chaos and frenzy within this scene as effectively as Golding does in the novel. The director's most successful part in this sequence is when Simon is killed and his body claimed by the sea. He recreates this part with the same natural and ‘lyrical' beauty which Golding uses in the book. The director's only unsuccessful part in the sequence is the storm as he starts it too late in the sequence, whereas Golding uses the thunder and lightning to work the boys up into a frenzy. He also does not, in my view, successfully recreate Simon's death because no film could recreate the savagery of the boys and the imagery which Golding creates in the novel through his language and description.